It is quite
amazing that for 250 years no one questioned the authenticity
of Nahj-ul-Balagha and then all of sudden a remark was made
by Ibn Khallikan in Wafayat al-aya'n:
People have different opinions about the compiler of Nahj-ul-Balagha,
a collection of the utterances of Amir-al-Momeneen (as) There
is difference as to whether it was compiled by al-Sharif al-Murtada
or his brother al-Radi. It is also said that it is not at
all the composition of 'Ali (as) and that the one who compiled
it and attributed it to him made it himself; but Allah knows
the truth.
We know, from his own account, that he was very impressed
and fond with Yazid's poetry and called himself an expert
in determining his writings. We know that he lived in the
same Province as Umayyad family. What is even more amazing
is that he completely overlooked the fact that some of the
Sermons, collected by Syed Radi, were found in books published
200 years before Syed Radi or even his father was born.
We all know what happens when a cow starts to walk away from
a herd, everyone starts to follow. Sadly enough these people,
either without looking into details or intentionally, used
the remarks as a fact. No one bothered to check the validity
or source of his information, most of which was coming from
the people who had blood of Amir-al-Momeneen's son on their
hands, and got on the band wagon. Ibn al-'Athir al Jazari
(555-630/1160-1232) in Mukhtasar al-Wafayat, Salah al-Din
al-Safadi (d. 764/1362) in al-Wafi bi al-wafayat, al-'Allamah
al-Yafi'I (d. 768/1366) in Mir'at al Jinan, and Ibn al-'Imad
in Shadharat al-dhahab were content just to repeat Ibn Khallikan's
remarks without bothering to substantiate it.
Al-'Allamah al-Dhahabi (d. 748/1347) in Mizan ul- 'i'tidal
was the first person to pick up the remarks and raised it's
level to a fact in his account of al-Murtada:
Al Sharif al-Murtada, who is accused of fabricating Nahj-ul-Balagha,
was a scholar of considerable knowledge. Whosoever sees his
book Nahj-ul-Balagha would come to believe that it was falsely
attributed to Amir-al-Momeneen (as), because it contains open
abuse rather than downgrading of the two caliphs Abu Bakr
and 'Umar. Contradictions and mean matters have also crept
into it, which do not conform with the spirit of the Companions
of the Quraysh and our knowledge of the later Companions.
One is convinced that the major part of this book is forged
and unauthentic.
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 748/1347) repeated al-Dhahabi's
objections without bothering to probe deeper into the matter.
The objectors, who could not even determine authorship of
the book exactly, depended on nothing but their whim to raise
doubts about its authenticity. They atributed this work to
al-Murtada, brother of Syed Radi. Among the four contemporaries
of al-Radi and al-Murtada, three, that is, al-Tha'alibi, al-Najashi
(d. 450/1058), and al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463/1071) have
given accounts of both the brothers. Al Shaykh al-Tusi did
not give any account of al-Radi in al-Fihrist or al-Rijal,
but he did not count Nahj-ul-Balagha among the works of al-Murtada,
which dispel any conjecture attributing its authorship to
him, because al-Tusi was very close to him as his student.
Al-Tha'alibi and al-Khatib al-Baghdadi did not mention Nahj-ul-Balagha
either in the account of al-Murtada or that of al-Radi. Al-Najashi
in unambiguous terms attributed Nahj-ul-Balagha to al-Radi.
Al-Tusi's exclusion of Nahj-ul-Balagha from the works of al-Murtada,
and al-Najashi's mention of it among the works of al-Radi
are sufficient to prove that it was without any doubt a work
of al-Radi.
A more convincing proof of al-Radi's authorship of Nahj-ul-Balagha
can be found in his own other works in which he has mentioned
it. Those books are the following:
- Khasa'is al- 'A'immah: A manuscript of this work of al-Radi
is in Rida Library Rampur (India) which reveals that Fadl
Allah ibn 'Ali al-Husayn al-Rawandi (d. 555/1160) accepted
Khasa'is as al-Radi's work. In this book, as quoted above,
al-Radi has mentioned his intention of compiling Nahj-ul-Balagha
- Haqa'iq al-tanzil: Only the fifth part of this book is
accessible to us. Its authorship is unanimously attributed
to al-Radi. On page 167 of this book al-Radi makes this
remark:
Anybody who needs a proof of our claim should refer to
our book Nahj-ul-Balagha and think upon its contents.
We have compiled all forms and genres of the utterances
of Amir-al-Momeneen (as) in this book, which comprises
sermons, letters, aphorisms, and admonitions, and is divided
into three independent parts, each containing a specific
genre.
- Majazat al-'athar al-Nabawiyyah: Al-Najashi and others
have included this book among al-Radi's works. At two places
in this book al-Radi has referred to Nah; al-balagha as
a work of his own compilation.
It is important to note that even Ibn Khallikan, al-Dhahabi
and Ibn Hajar did not question the authenticity of the attribution
of Nahj-ul-Balagha in its entirety to Amir-al-Momeneen. They
were mainly skeptical of those parts which were critical of
the Caliphs Abu Bakr and 'Umar. But if we find such utterances
and writings of Amir-al-Momeneen (as) in both Shia and non-Shia
sources earlier than Nahj-ul-Balagha, baseless-ness of al-Dhahabi's
and Ibn Hajar's objections can be conclusively proved. Let us
again refer to Istinad-e Nahj-ul-Balagha by 'Arshi, a contemporary
Sunni scholar of India. With respect to the harshest of the
sermons concerning the issue of the caliphate, known as al-Khutbat
aldhiqshiqiyyah, 'Arshi refers to the following early sources
in which the sermon had occurred:
- Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Barqi (d.
274/887) has quoted it in full in al-Mahasin wa al-'adab.
- Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Thaqafi al-Kufi (d. 283/896)
quoted it in al-Gharat.
In his notes on al-Gharat, Sayyid Jalal al-Din Muhaddith,
quoting Imtiyaz 'Ali Khan 'Arshi, says that this khutbah
is not found in it; even Ibn Abi al-Hadid and al-'Allamah
Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi (1037-1110 or 1111/1627-1698
or 99) did not refer to al-Gharat as an early source of
this sermon.
- Abu 'Ali Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab al Jubba'i al-Basri
al-Mu'tazili (d. 303/915-16) narrated it.
- Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Qubbah al-Razi
(a teacher of al-Mufid and a pupil of Abu al-Qasim al-Balkhi,
a Mu'tazili in his youth) quoted it in al-Insaf.
- Abu al Qasim 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Mahmud al-Ka'bi
al-Balkhi al-Mu'tazili (d. 319/931) in al-'Insaf.
- Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Musa ibn
Babawayh al-Qummi, known as alShaykh al-Saduq (d. 318/930),
has quoted it in two of his books: Ilal al Sharayi' and
Ma'ani al-'akhbar.
- Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man, known as al-Shaykh
al-Mufid (d. 413/1022) inKitdb al-'irshad.
- Shaykh al-Ta'ifah Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi
(d. 460/1068) in al-'Amali.
'Arshi adds that al Shaykh al Saduq has narrated this Khutbah
on the authority of two different chains of narrators:
Narrated to us Muhammad ibn 'Ali Majalawayh from his uncle
Muhammad Ibn al-Qasim, he from Ahmad ibn 'Abd Allah al-Barqi
he from his father, he from Ibn Abi 'Umayr, he from Aban ibn
'Uthman he from 'Aban ibn Taghlib, he from 'Ikrimah, he from
'Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas. ('Ilal al-sharayi' and Ma'anial-'akhbar)
Narrated to us Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Ishaq al-Taliqani,
from 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Yahya al Jalludi, from Abu 'Abd Allah
Ahmad ibn 'Ammar ibn Khalid, from Yahya ibn 'Abd al-Hamid
al-Hammani, from 'Isa ibn Rashid, from 'Ali ibn Khuzaymah,
from 'Ikrimah, from Ibn al-'Abbas. (Ma'ani al 'akhbar)
Syed Radi has not quoted the entire chain of narrators, and
was content to remark that the sermon was popularly known
as 'al-Shiqshiqiyyah ', while his teacher al-Mufid narrates
both the chain of narrators and the story behind its narration.
This is indicative of the fact that this sermon was so famous
in those days that al-Radi did not find it necessary to prove
its veracity by quoting the chain of its narrators. Surprisingly,
the same famous sermon was used by his and Amir-al-Momeneen
(as) opponents to question his veracity and to malign him
by accusing him and/or his brother of forging it. The kind
of criticism Ibn Khallikan and his followers dabbled in not
only discredits them as researchers but also makes their other
works suspicious in the eyes of impartial and objective students
of history. Those who could not find any of the above-mentioned
books to cross-check the veracity of Nahj-ul-Balagha had failed
miserably even in determining correctly its authorship.
Al-Shaykh al-Mufid has collected a number of 'Ali's speeches
in al-'Irshad concerning the issue of the succession to the
Prophet (saw) and 'Ali's criticism of the ways and means adopted
by his opponents to deprive him of the caliphate. The famous
Khutbah known as al-Shiq-shiqiyyah.
Apart from al-'Irshad this khutbah, as claimed by 'Arshi,
is found in other sources also. In no way can it be dubbed
as al-Radi's or al-Murtada's fabrication.
Ibn Abi al-Hadid writes in his Sharh Nahj-ul-Balagha:
A group of blind followers of their own whims and wishes is
of the opinion that the best part of Nahj-ul-Balagha is fabricated
and forged by a group of Shia writers and is something new.
Most of them consider a part of it to be the product of al-Radi's
pen or of others. But this group consists of prejudiced people,
whose heart's vision is blocked by partiality and who have
deviated from the right and straight path of truth; they have
strayed from truth due to perversion, lack of knowledge, and
unfamiliarity with literature and poetry. (vol. 1, p. 543)
Amir-al-Momeneen's eloquence is such that he is the leader
of the eloquent and the guide and master of orators. It is
said about his ulterances that his words are below the Word
of the Creator only, but over and above the words of all creatures;
and from him the world has learnt the art of speech and rhetoric.
There were people in the age of al-Radi himself whose hearts
and eyes were sealed in such a manner that they attributed
some of 'Ali's utterances to Mu'awiyah. Al-Radi's commentary
on the following khutbah,is important:
People with no ability to understand literature ascribe it
to Mu'awiyah whereas these are undoubtedly the words of Amir-al-Momeneen.
How can dirt compare with pure gold?... 'Amr ibn Bahr al Jahiz,
a critic gifted with insight and a distinct sensibility, has
probed the matter minutely. He has included this khutbah in
al-Bayan wa al-tabyin, and has mentioned those who attributed
it to Mu'awiyah. Subsequently he says: "This speech is very
much like the speeches of 'Ali (as) and is in conformity with
the great man's classification of people, and it also corresponds
with his manner of depicting the people's modes of behaving
in anger, under oppression and waywardness, and in the state
of dissimulation and fear.
Similarly, al-Radi refers to his sources on a number of
occasions, and also gives an account of the circumstances
that were responsible for the mood and theme of a certain
sermon. He has referred to: al Jahiz; al-Waqidi; Abu Ja'far
al-'Iskafi; Hisham ibn al-Kalbi; Sa'id ibn Yahya ai- 'Umawi,
the author of al-Maghazi; Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Salam; al-
Tabari; Tha'lab; Ibn al-'A'rabi; al-Mubarrad, and many others.
How could an author who allegedly forged the utterances and
writings of Amir-al-Momeneen (as) be so honest in acknowledging
his indebtedness to his predecessors?
Those who raised doubts about the contents of Nahj-ul-Balagha
were unaware of the high status and prestige of its compiler,
both in the society and in the academic circles. A man of
his eminence could not even think of fabricating sermons and
letters in the name of Amir-al-Momeneen(a). Had any such attempt
been made by anybody, Shia scholars themselves would have
been the first to reject it, as an anthology of poetry attributed
to Amir-al-Momeneen (as) (Diwan-e 'Ali) was never accepted
by the majority of Shia scholars as authentic. Some other
such works, for example, the commentary on the Quran attributed
to al-Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (as) or Fiqh al-Rida attributed
to al Imam al-Rida (as), are at issue among Shia scholars.
But no one among al-Radi's contemporaries or from the successive
generations of Sunni or Shia 'ulama' ever questioned Nahj-ul-Balagha's
authenticity for more than two centuries. Regarding the contents
of Nahj-ul-Balagha the Muslim scholars of all shades of opinion
never doubted al-Radi's veracity. They were aware of the presence
of earlier sources of Amir-al-Momeneen's utterances. There
is abundant reliable evidence in support of the existence
of such collections in the first and second centuries of Hijrah,
from which 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahyfi, Ibn al-Muqaffa', and
Zayd ibn 'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn 'Ali ibn Abi Talib had quoted
al-'Imam 'Ali's(as) sermons and letters.
In the third and fourth centuries, too, several collections
of 'Ali's khutab and rasa'il were compiled, some of which
have been already referred to above. Ibn Abi al-Hadid (d.
655 or 656/1257 or 58); Taqi al- Din Ahmad, known as Ibn Taymiyyah
(661-728/1263-1328); and his pupil Salah al-Din al-Safadi
(d. 764/1362-63) accepted Nahj-ul-Balagha as a genuine collection
of al Imam 'Ali's words. The former not only wrote one of
the most famous commentaries on it, but also repudiated all
doubts about its authenticity. Ibn Taymiyyah and al-Safadi
were among staunch opponents and critics of the Shi'ah, but
both of them verified the authenticity of Nahj-ul-Balagha
and the veracity of al- Sharif al-Radi. Al-Safadi, in the
account of al-Radi, writes:
People are of the view that Nahj-ul-Balagha is his own writing.
But I heard my teacher, al-'Imam al-'Allamah Taqi al-Din Ahmad
ibn Taymiyyah say: "Nahj-ul-Balagha is not al-Sayyid al-Radi's
product. What in this book is the utterance of 'Ali ibn Abi
Talib(as) is known, and whatever is from al-Radi that is also
known.(al-Wafi bi al-wafayat, vol. 2, p. 375)
Instead of going into further details of the controversy
about the authenticity of Nahj-ul-Balagha's ascription and
forwarding more evidence against those who created doubts
about it, I would recommend the keen reader to consult al-Mu'jam
al-mufahras li alfaz Nahj al-balaghah, edited by al-Sayyid
Kazim al-Muhammadi and al-Shaykh Muhammad al-Dashti, who have
done a commendable job in preparing a very comprehensive bibliography
of the sources of the book along with a detailed item-by-item
list of the sources of each and every sermon, letter, and
saying contained in Nahj-ul-Balagha. Moreover, since the death
of al-Radi scholars of eminence have been always interested
in writing commentaries on Nahj-ul-Balagha, which is another
very strong proof of its authenticity. So many Sunni, Mu'tazili,
and Shia scholars would not have taken pains to comment upon
al Radi's own fabrications.
'Ali Naqi Munzawi, in the catalogue of the library of Mishkat,
donated to Tehran University, has enumerated 33 narrators
of al-'Imam 'Ali's utterances before al-Radi and fourteen
after him till the tenth Hijrah century. Danish Pizhoh, in
his preface to Farman-e Malik Ashtar, edited by Husayn 'Alawi
Awi, has given a list of its early commentators. Sayyid 'Abd
al-Zahra' al- Khatib, in Masadir Nahj-ul-Balagha wa asaniduh,
has counted thirty-three books written concerning the sources
of Nahj-ul-Balagha. Hundreds of manuscripts of Nahj-ul-Balagha
in various libraries of the world and even a greater number
of the manuscripts of other earlier works containing al- 'Imam
'Ali's utterances invite all seekers of truth to trace the
sources and ascertain the authenticity of Nahj-ul-Balagha.
There are also numerous documents available which contain
certificates and testimonials issued by eminent scholars to
their pupils authorizing them to narrate the contents of Nahj-ul-Balagha
along with the permission to narrate ahadith of the Prophet
(saw) and the Imams (as). This is enough to show that Nahj-ul-Balagha
has been considered to be of equal value in reliability with
the most authentic compendiums of hadith. The narration of
Nahj-ul-Balagha's traditions had started during the lifetime
of al-Radi. Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi (d. 573/1177) in the preface
of his commentary on Nahj-ul-Balagha, refers to a daughter
of al-Sharif al Murtada, who had studied the book under al-Radi
himself and was authorized to narrate its traditions to others,
and she used to narrate Nahj-ul-Balagha on her uncle's authority.
Shaykh 'Abd al-Rahim al-Baghdadi has narrated from this learned
lady of the family of the Imams (as). Misconceptions about
Nahj-ul-Balagha
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